https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114958 Wed, 08 Apr 2026 21:19:38 GMT 2026-04-08T21:19:38Z http://dspace.mit.edu:80/bitstream/id/47e6de0a-dc54-4b44-a78b-2051d2561039/ https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114958 https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131248 Abordar la desigualdad: el primer paso más allá del COVID-19 y hacia la sostenibilidad Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph P.; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Metaxas, Kyriakos A.; Showalter, Amy L. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha afectado a miles de millones de vidas en todo el mundo y ha revelado y agravado las desigualdades sociales y económicas que han surgido durante las últimas décadas. A medida que los gobiernos consideran las estrategias económicas y de salud pública para responder a la crisis, es fundamental también abordar las debilidades de sus sistemas económicos y sociales que inhibieron su capacidad para responder de manera integral a la pandemia. Estas mismas debilidades también han socavado los esfuerzos para promover la igualdad y la sostenibilidad. Este documento explora más de 30 intervenciones en las siguientes nueve categorías de cambio que tienen el potencial de abordar la desigualdad, brindan acceso a todos los ciudadanos a bienes y servicios esenciales, y avanzar en el progreso hacia la sostenibilidad: (1) Transferencias de ingresos y riqueza para facilitar un aumento equitativo del poder adquisitivo / ingresos disponibles; (2) ensanchamiento de la propiedad de los trabajadores y ciudadanos de los medios de producción y prestación de servicios, permitiendo a las empresas que la obtención de beneficios se distribuya de forma más equitativa; (3) cambios en el suministro de bienes y servicios esenciales para más ciudadanos; (4) cambios en la demanda de bienes y servicios más sostenibles deseados por la gente; (5) estabilizar y asegurar el empleo y la fuerza laboral; (6) reducir el desproporcionado poder de las corporaciones y los más ricos en el mercado y el sistema político a través de la expansión y la aplicación de la ley antimonopolio de modo que el dominio de unas pocas empresas en sectores críticos ya no prevalezca (7) provisión gubernamental de bienes y servicios esenciales como educación, atención médica, vivienda, alimentación y movilidad; (8) una reasignación del gasto público entre operaciones militares y necesidades sociales domésticas; y (9) suspender o reestructurar la deuda de los países emergentes y en desarrollo países. Cualquier intervención que se centre en hacer crecer la economía también debe ir acompañada de aquellos que compensan los compromisos resultantes para la salud, la seguridad y el medio ambiente del aumento consumo insostenible. Este documento compara e identifica las intervenciones que deben ser consideradas como un primer paso fundamental importante para ir más allá de la pandemia COVID-19 y hacia la sostenibilidad. En este sentido, proporciona un conjunto integral de estrategias que podrían promover avances hacia un componente del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 10 para reducir la desigualdad dentro de los países. Sin embargo, las intervenciones candidatas también se contrastan con los 17 ODS para revelar posibles áreas problemáticas/compensaciones que pueden necesitar una atención cuidadosa. Wed, 01 Jul 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131248 2020-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131184 Legal Considerations of Reproductive Hazards in Industry in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Clearly, the human risks posed by reproductive hazards in the work place are both serious and far-reaching. An effective control strategy, then, must be one that emphasises prevention while preserving employment opportunities for the worker. It is hoped that employers will recognise the need for voluntary abatement of reproductive hazards. It must be recognised, however, that employees may need to avail themselves of legal mechanisms to encourage preventive actions. In many cases the most readily available mechanisms for preventive relief will be those created by federal statute; in other instances, private actions may be required. Legislative and statutory mechanisms include standard-setting for reproductive hazards; access to exposure and medical records; the rights of workers to individually refuse hazardous work; and antidiscrimination protection. Private actions include the court injunction; collective bargaining by unions; and suits for damages suffered. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131184 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131183 Legal Considerations of Reproductive Hazards in Industry in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Clearly, the human risks posed by reproductive hazards in the work place are both serious and far-reaching. An effective control strategy, then, must be one that emphasises prevention while preserving employment opportunities for the worker. It is hoped that employers will recognise the need for voluntary abatement of reproductive hazards. It must be recognised, however, that employees may need to avail themselves of legal mechanisms to encourage preventive actions. In many cases the most readily available mechanisms for preventive relief will be those created by federal statute; in other instances, private actions may be required. Legislative and statutory mechanisms include standard-setting for reproductive hazards; access to exposure and medical records; the rights of workers to individually refuse hazardous work; and antidiscrimination protection. Private actions include the court injunction; collective bargaining by unions; and suits for damages suffered. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131183 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131182 Trade-off Analysis (with a revised Rawlsian Decision-making Philosophy) as an Alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in Socio-technical Decisions Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Söderbaum, Peter This paper discusses the concept of trade-off analysis as an alternative to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in socio-technical decisions. The concept of trade-off analysis is not new, but increasing dissatisfaction with CBA as the centerpiece of decision analysis and concerns for Rawlsian equity warrant its reintroduction into decision-making. As a decision-support tool, trade-off analysis [1] allows decision-makers to avoid monetizing and aggregating non-monetary factors over time; [2] invites the involvement of stakeholders into policy debates since there is greater transparency as to who benefits and who is harmed by a particular policy; [3] enables analysts to undertake a comparative analysis of alternatives over time; and [4] takes into account the important role of technological change in shaping the state and performance of a system. In addition, a revised Rawlsian approach to incorporating equity and environmental considerations into decision-making is advocated as a way of promoting sustainable development. While the proposed framework has yet to be applied on a wide scale, the authors believe it approximates the way that decisions are actually made in the political system and holds the potential to assist with decision-making for sustainable development in a broad variety of contexts. Wed, 20 Feb 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131182 2008-02-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131181 Trade-off Analysis (with a revised Rawlsian Decision-making Philosophy) as an Alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in Socio-technical Decisions Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Söderbaum, Peter This paper discusses the concept of trade-off analysis as an alternative to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in socio-technical decisions. The concept of trade-off analysis is not new, but increasing dissatisfaction with CBA as the centerpiece of decision analysis and concerns for Rawlsian equity warrant its reintroduction into decision-making. As a decision-support tool, trade-off analysis [1] allows decision-makers to avoid monetizing and aggregating non-monetary factors over time; [2] invites the involvement of stakeholders into policy debates since there is greater transparency as to who benefits and who is harmed by a particular policy; [3] enables analysts to undertake a comparative analysis of alternatives over time; and [4] takes into account the important role of technological change in shaping the state and performance of a system. In addition, a revised Rawlsian approach to incorporating equity and environmental considerations into decision-making is advocated as a way of promoting sustainable development. While the proposed framework has yet to be applied on a wide scale, the authors believe it approximates the way that decisions are actually made in the political system and holds the potential to assist with decision-making for sustainable development in a broad variety of contexts. Wed, 20 Feb 2008 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131181 2008-02-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131180 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability Transcript of “The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability” presented at the “Symposium on Health Risks, Innovation and Precaution”, Paris, 24 June 2015, Available at: https://youtu.be/l0slNw371cc Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131180 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131179 Misinformation and What to Do About It Ashford, Nicholas A. Video presentation on Misinformation and What to Do About It by Prof. Nicholas A. Ashford, MIT on 11 June 2021 DISINFORMATION: The Straight Scoop. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvWbvlWfq98 Fri, 11 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131179 2021-06-11T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131178 Misinformation and What to Do About It Ashford, Nicholas A. Video presentation on Misinformation and What to Do About It by Prof. Nicholas A. Ashford, MIT on 11 June 2021. DISINFORMATION: The Straight Scoop. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvWbvlWfq98 Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131178 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131177 Toxicant‑induced loss of tolerance for chemicals, foods, and drugs: assessing patterns of exposure behind a global phenomenon Masri, Shahir; Miller, Claudia; Palmer, Raymond; Ashford, Nicholas A. Background: Despite 15–36% of the U.S. population reporting Chemical Intolerances (CI) or sensitivity, the condition has been overlooked in medicine and public health. CI is characterized by multisystem symptoms and new-onset intolerances that develop in a subset of individuals following a major chemical exposure event or repeated low-level exposures. While Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT) is a two-stage disease mechanism proposed to explain CI, less is known about the exposures that initiate the disease, than about the intolerances that have been documented. Methods: We reviewed eight major exposure events that preceded onset of chemical intolerance in groups of individuals sharing the same exposure. Our goal was to identify the chemicals and/or groups of chemicals that were most pervasive during each exposure event as well as identify the concentrations of key chemicals involved in each exposure event and the proportions of exposed individuals who ultimately developed TILT following exposure. Case studies we selected for review included (1) workers at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) headquarters during renovations; (2) Gulf War veterans; (3) pesticide exposure among casino workers; (4) exposure to aircraft oil fumes; (5) the World Trade Center tragedy; (6) surgical implants; (7) moldy environments; and (8) tunnel workers exposed to solvents. Results: Mixed volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), followed by pesticides and combustion products were most prevalent across TILT initiation events. As a broader category, synthetic organic chemicals and their combustion products were the primary exposures associated with chemical intolerance. Such chemicals included pesticides, peroxides, nerve agents, anti-nerve agent drugs, lubricants and additives, xylene, benzene, and acetone. Conclusion: A select group of exposures were predominant in several major initiating events, suggesting their potential role in TILT initiation. Such insights are useful to public health scientists, physicians, and policymakers seeking to minimize harmful exposures and prevent future disease. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131177 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131176 Toxicant‑induced loss of tolerance for chemicals, foods, and drugs: assessing patterns of exposure behind a global phenomenon Masri, Shahir; Miller, Claudia; Palmer, Raymond; Ashford, Nicholas A. Background: Despite 15–36% of the U.S. population reporting Chemical Intolerances (CI) or sensitivity, the condition has been overlooked in medicine and public health. CI is characterized by multisystem symptoms and new-onset intolerances that develop in a subset of individuals following a major chemical exposure event or repeated low-level exposures. While Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT) is a two-stage disease mechanism proposed to explain CI, less is known about the exposures that initiate the disease, than about the intolerances that have been documented. Methods: We reviewed eight major exposure events that preceded onset of chemical intolerance in groups of individuals sharing the same exposure. Our goal was to identify the chemicals and/or groups of chemicals that were most pervasive during each exposure event as well as identify the concentrations of key chemicals involved in each exposure event and the proportions of exposed individuals who ultimately developed TILT following exposure. Case studies we selected for review included (1) workers at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) headquarters during renovations; (2) Gulf War veterans; (3) pesticide exposure among casino workers; (4) exposure to aircraft oil fumes; (5) the World Trade Center tragedy; (6) surgical implants; (7) moldy environments; and (8) tunnel workers exposed to solvents. Results: Mixed volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), followed by pesticides and combustion products were most prevalent across TILT initiation events. As a broader category, synthetic organic chemicals and their combustion products were the primary exposures associated with chemical intolerance. Such chemicals included pesticides, peroxides, nerve agents, anti-nerve agent drugs, lubricants and additives, xylene, benzene, and acetone. Conclusion: A select group of exposures were predominant in several major initiating events, suggesting their potential role in TILT initiation. Such insights are useful to public health scientists, physicians, and policymakers seeking to minimize harmful exposures and prevent future disease. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131176 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131175 The Fight Against Misinformation Isn’t Just on Facebook: Broadcast and Talk Radio Are As Big a Problem As Social Media Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131175 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131174 Covid-19 Could Be an Opportunity to Combat Inequality Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131174 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131173 Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and towards Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Metaxas, Kyriakos; Showalter, Amy The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond to the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social systems that inhibited their ability to respond comprehensively to the pandemic. These same weaknesses have also undermined efforts to advance equality and sustainability. This paper explores over 30 interventions across the following nine categories of change that hold the potential to address inequality, provide all citizens with access to essential goods and services, and advance progress towards sustainability: (1) Income and wealth transfers to facilitate an equitable increase in purchasing power/disposable income; (2) broadening worker and citizen ownership of the means of production and supply of services, allowing corporate profit-taking to be more equitably distributed; (3) changes in the supply of essential goods and services for more citizens; (4) changes in the demand for more sustainable goods and services desired by people; (5) stabilizing and securing employment and the workforce; (6) reducing the disproportionate power of corporations and the very wealthy on the market and political system through the expansion and enforcement of antitrust law such that the dominance of a few firms in critical sectors no longer prevails; (7) government provision of essential goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, food, and mobility; (8) a reallocation of government spending between military operations and domestic social needs; and (9) suspending or restructuring debt from emerging and developing countries. Any interventions that focus on growing the economy must also be accompanied by those that offset the resulting compromises to health, safety, and the environment from increasing unsustainable consumption. This paper compares and identifies the interventions that should be considered as an important foundational first step in moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and towards sustainability. In this regard, it provides a comprehensive set of strategies that could advance progress towards a component of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 to reduce inequality within countries. However, the candidate interventions are also contrasted with all 17 SDGs to reveal potential problem areas/tradeoffs that may need careful attention. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131173 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131114 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability Ashford, Nicholas A. Nicholas Ashford video on “The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability” presented at the “Symposium on Health Risks, Innovation and Precaution”, Paris, 24 June 2015, sponsored by ANSES, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety.” Available at: https://youtu.be/l0slNw371cc Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131114 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131113 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability Ashford, Nicholas A. Nicholas Ashford video on “The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability” presented at the “Symposium on Health Risks, Innovation and Precaution”, Paris, 24 June 2015, sponsored by ANSES, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety.” Also available at: https://youtu.be/l0slNw371cc Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131113 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131110 Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Ashford, Nicholas A. Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Presentation at Delft University (Scroll down to my picture then choose “watch lecture”) http://www.tudelft.nl/en/research/thematic-cooperation/delft-research-based-initiatives/delft-energy-initiative/meet-the-energy-leaders/ Also available at https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Play/b07070661ea24ebca6c4d2f42a34a6fd1d Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131110 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131109 Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Nicholas (2016) “Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm” Presentation at Delft University (Scroll down to my picture then choose “watch lecture”) http://www.tudelft.nl/en/research/thematic-cooperation/delft-research-based-initiatives/delft-energy-initiative/meet-the-energy-leaders/ Also available at: https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Play/b07070661ea24ebca6c4d2f42a34a6fd1d Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131109 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131107 Creating Ethical Engineers Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131107 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131106 Universal Basic Income and Inclusive Capitalism: Consequences for Sustainability Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ashford, Robert; Arango-Quiroga, Johan Over the past forty years, income growth for the middle and lower classes has stagnated, while the economy (and with it, economic inequality) has grown significantly. Early automation, the decline of labor unions, changes in corporate taxation, the financialization and globalization of the economy, deindustrialization in the U.S. and many OECD countries, and trade have contributed to these trends. However, the transformative roles of more recent automation and digital technologies/artificial intelligence (AI) are now considered by many as additional and potentially more potent forces undermining the ability of workers to maintain their foothold in the economy. These drivers of change are intensifying the extent to which advancing technology imbedded in increasingly productive real capital is driving productivity. To compound the problem, many solutions presented by industrialized nations to environmental problems rely on hyper-e cient technologies, which if fully implemented, could further advance the displacement of well-paid job opportunities for many. While there are numerous ways to address economic inequality, there is growing interest in using some form of universal basic income (UBI) to enhance income and provide economic stability. However, these approaches rarely consider the potential environmental impact from the likely increase in aggregate demand for goods and services or consider ways to focus this demand on more sustainable forms of consumption. Based on the premise that the problems of income distribution and environmental sustainability must be addressed in an integrated and holistic way, this paper considers how a range of approaches to financing a UBI system, and a complementary market solution based on an ownership-broadening approach to inclusive capitalism, might advance or undermine strategies to improve environmental sustainability. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131106 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131105 Achieving Environmental and Global Climate Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph Strategic niche management and transition management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues many industrialized and industrializing nations are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. On the other hand, approaches that focus on creating new entrants could nurture niche development or deployment of disruptive technologies, but those technologies may only be marginally better than the technologies they replace. Either approach may take a long time to achieve their goals. Sustainable development requires both radical disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, the integration of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to new systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131105 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131104 Arkema was not a Natural Disaster. It was a Preventable Accident Waiting to Happen Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 06 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131104 2017-09-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131103 The New TSCA: Challenges Remain Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131103 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131102 De-[Constructing] Growth: Decoupling Profits from Unsustainable Production Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 12 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131102 2017-01-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131101 Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Nicholas (2016). “Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment” Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ayyib5THzxw&feature=youtu.be Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131101 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131100 Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Nicholas (2016). “Evolving Algorithms for Sustainable Development: Technology, Policy, and Environment” Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ayyib5THzxw&feature=youtu.be Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131100 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131095 Aligning Policies for Low-carbon System Innovation in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Renda, Andrea Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131095 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131093 The Flaws in the Emerging Toxics Reform Legislation and How They Can Be Fixed Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 12 Apr 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131093 2016-04-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131092 Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Sustainable Development: Is Strategic Niche Management/Transition Management Sufficient to Transform the Industrial State? Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Sustainable Development: Is Strategic Niche Management/Transition Management Sufficient to Transform the Industrial State?” Conference: 6th International Sustainability Transitions (IST) Conference. Sustainability Transitions and Wider Transformative Change Historical Roots and Future Pathways, At Brighton, University of Sussex Campus (Falmer), UK August 2015. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280839263_Making_Serious_Inroads_into_Achieving_Sustainable_Development_Is_Strategic_Niche_ManagementTransition_Management_Sufficient_to_Transform_the_Industrial_State Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131092 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131091 Cancer Risk: Role of Environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Bauman, Patricia; Brown, Halina; Clapp, Richard; Finkel, Adam; Gee, David; Hattis, Dale; Martuzzi, Marco; Sasco, Annie; Sass, Jennifer IN THEIR REPORT “Variation in cancer risk among tissues can be explained by the number of stem cell divisions” (2 January, p. 78), C. Tomasetti and B. Vogelstein discuss an interesting correlation (0.804) between estimated lifetime stem cell division number in 31 tissue types and corresponding cancer incidence rates in the United States. However, their assertion that only 35% of cancer risk variation is due to environmental or genetic factors is problematic. Letter to the Editor Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131091 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131090 Trade Policy Ashford, Nicholas A. In an otherwise insightful and thoughtful article, Sebastian Pfotenhauer (Trade Policy Is Science Policy,” Issues, Fall 2013) might better have entitled his contribution “Trade Policy Needs to Be Reconciled with Science Policy.” The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the agreements administered by the World Trade Organization, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), were adopted to promote international trade and increase the economic benefits therefrom. Harmonization of environmental, health, and safety, and (EHS) standards and practices was generally not the goal of these agreements, except perhaps for the TBT agreement, which was predicated on EHS standards being based on “strong science” that could result in uniformity dictated by rigorous scientific consensus focused on risk assessments. Letter to the Editor Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131090 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131089 Trade Policy Ashford, Nicholas A. In an otherwise insightful and thoughtful article, Sebastian Pfotenhauer (Trade Policy Is Science Policy,” Issues, Fall 2013) might better have entitled his contribution “Trade Policy Needs to Be Reconciled with Science Policy.” The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the agreements administered by the World Trade Organization, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), were adopted to promote international trade and increase the economic benefits therefrom. Harmonization of environmental, health, and safety, and (EHS) standards and practices was generally not the goal of these agreements, except perhaps for the TBT agreement, which was predicated on EHS standards being based on “strong science” that could result in uniformity dictated by rigorous scientific consensus focused on risk assessments. Letter to the Editor Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131089 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131088 A Four-day Workweek: a Policy for Improving Employment and Environmental Conditions in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Kallis, Giorgos Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131088 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131087 A Four-day Workweek: a Policy for Improving Employment and Environmental Conditions in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Kallis, Giorgos Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131087 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131086 Friday off’: Reducing Working hours in Europe Kallis, Giorgos; Kalush, Michael; O'Flynn, Jack; Rossiter, Jack; Ashford, Nicholas A. This article explores the pros and cons for reducing working hours in Europe. To arrive to an informed judgment we review critically the theoretical and empirical literature, mostly from economics, concerning the relation between working hours on the one hand, and productivity, employment, quality of life, and the environment, on the other. We adopt a binary economics distinction between capital and labor productiveness, and are concerned with how working hours may be reduced without harming the earning capacity of workers. There are reasons to believe that reducing working hours may absorb some unemployment, especially in the short-run, even if less than what is advocated by proponents of the proposal. Further, there may well be strong benefits for the quality of peoples’ lives. Environmental benefits are likely but depend crucially on complementary policies or social conditions that will ensure that the time liberated will not be directed to resource-intensive or environmentally harmful consumption. It is questionable whether reduced working hours are sustainable in the long-term given resource limits and climate change. We conclude that while the results of reducing working hours are uncertain, this may be a risk worth taking, especially as an interim measure that may relieve unemployment while other necessary structural changes are instituted. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131086 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131085 Friday off’: Reducing Working hours in Europe Kallis, Giorgos; Kalush, Michael; Hugh, O'Flynn; Rossiter, Jack; Ashford, Nicholas A. This article explores the pros and cons for reducing working hours in Europe. To arrive to an informed judgment we review critically the theoretical and empirical literature, mostly from economics, concerning the relation between working hours on the one hand, and productivity, employment, quality of life, and the environment, on the other. We adopt a binary economics distinction between capital and labor productiveness, and are concerned with how working hours may be reduced without harming the earning capacity of workers. There are reasons to believe that reducing working hours may absorb some unemployment, especially in the short-run, even if less than what is advocated by proponents of the proposal. Further, there may well be strong benefits for the quality of peoples’ lives. Environmental benefits are likely but depend crucially on complementary policies or social conditions that will ensure that the time liberated will not be directed to resource-intensive or environmentally harmful consumption. It is questionable whether reduced working hours are sustainable in the long-term given resource limits and climate change. We conclude that while the results of reducing working hours are uncertain, this may be a risk worth taking, especially as an interim measure that may relieve unemployment while other necessary structural changes are instituted. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131085 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131084 Addressing the Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Financial and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131084 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131083 Addressing the Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Financial and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131083 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131082 Broadening Capital Acquisition with the Earnings of Capital as a Means of Sustainable Growth and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Robert; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131082 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131081 Broadening Capital Acquisition with the Earnings of Capital as a Means of Sustainable Growth and Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Robert; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131081 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131051 The Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert This paper argues that a sustainable industrial system depends not only on good environmental and public health outcomes, but also on sustainable employment and earning capacity in a sustainable economic system. These concerns are likely to dominate future national political debates, requiring responses that increase the earning capacity of individuals through changes in the nature of work and employment, and in the ownership of productive capital. Making the economy greener, while certainly necessary for long-term economic and societal survival, does not necessarily mean more and better paying jobs on a large enough scale to make serious progress to reducing unemployment and underemployment. At present, national and global reforms are focused on improving the financial system, which is not synonymous with reforming the economic system or improving the economic status of individual citizens. This paper discusses specific policies and initiatives that need to be considered to ensure sustainable employment and livelihoods. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131051 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131050 The Crisis in Employment and Consumer Demand: Reconciliation with Environmental Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Robert This paper argues that a sustainable industrial system depends not only on good environmental and public health outcomes, but also on sustainable employment and earning capacity in a sustainable economic system. These concerns are likely to dominate future national political debates, requiring responses that increase the earning capacity of individuals through changes in the nature of work and employment, and in the ownership of productive capital. Making the economy greener, while certainly necessary for long-term economic and societal survival, does not necessarily mean more and better paying jobs on a large enough scale to make serious progress to reducing unemployment and underemployment. At present, national and global reforms are focused on improving the financial system, which is not synonymous with reforming the economic system or improving the economic status of individual citizens. This paper discusses specific policies and initiatives that need to be considered to ensure sustainable employment and livelihoods. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131050 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131049 Major Challenges To Education for Sustainable Development: Can the Current Nature of Institutions of Higher Education Hope to Educate the Change Agents Needed for Sustainable Development? Ashford, Nicholas A. Scholars and professionals committed to fostering sustainable development have urged a re-examination of the curriculum and the restructuring of research in engineering-focused institutions of higher learning. The focus is on engineering, more than on the natural and physical sciences or on social science, because the activities that drive the industrial state – the activities that implement scientific advance – are generally rooted in engineering. Moreover, engineers are known as ‘problem solvers’ and if economies are becoming unsustainable because of engineering, it is natural to ask whether engineering as an activity and as a profession can be re-directed toward achieving sustainable transformations. Of course, engineering can not do it alone; scientific as well as social and legal changes must occur as well. This paper addresses the challenges ahead, if this optimistic vision is to be more than wishful thinking. Following a treatment of the philosophical and intellectual foundations of technological, organizational, social, and pedagogical innovation necessary for sustainable transformations of existing institutions and mindsets, this paper ends by addressing the following themes and questions: (1) How can multi- and trans-disciplinary research and teaching coexist in a meaningful way in today’s university structures? (2) Does education relevant to sustainable development require its own protected incubating environment to survive, or will it otherwise be gobbled up and marginalized by attempting to instill it throughout the traditional curriculum and traditional disciplines? (3) How can difficulties in linking the needed teaching and research be overcome? (4) Even if there exist technical options to do so, how can it be made safe for courageous students to take educational paths different from traditional tracks? (5) What can we learn from comparative analysis of universities in different nations and environments? and (6) What roles can national and EU governments have in accelerating the needed changes? Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131049 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131048 Major Challenges To Education for Sustainable Development: Can the Current Nature of Institutions of Higher Education Hope to Educate the Change Agents Needed for Sustainable Development? Ashford, Nicholas A. Scholars and professionals committed to fostering sustainable development have urged a re-examination of the curriculum and the restructuring of research in engineering-focused institutions of higher learning. The focus is on engineering, more than on the natural and physical sciences or on social science, because the activities that drive the industrial state – the activities that implement scientific advance – are generally rooted in engineering. Moreover, engineers are known as ‘problem solvers’ and if economies are becoming unsustainable because of engineering, it is natural to ask whether engineering as an activity and as a profession can be re-directed toward achieving sustainable transformations. Of course, engineering can not do it alone; scientific as well as social and legal changes must occur as well. This paper addresses the challenges ahead, if this optimistic vision is to be more than wishful thinking. Following a treatment of the philosophical and intellectual foundations of technological, organizational, social, and pedagogical innovation necessary for sustainable transformations of existing institutions and mindsets, this paper ends by addressing the following themes and questions: (1) How can multi- and trans-disciplinary research and teaching coexist in a meaningful way in today’s university structures? (2) Does education relevant to sustainable development require its own protected incubating environment to survive, or will it otherwise be gobbled up and marginalized by attempting to instill it throughout the traditional curriculum and traditional disciplines? (3) How can difficulties in linking the needed teaching and research be overcome? (4) Even if there exist technical options to do so, how can it be made safe for courageous students to take educational paths different from traditional tracks? (5) What can we learn from comparative analysis of universities in different nations and environments? and (6) What roles can national and EU governments have in accelerating the needed changes? Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131048 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131047 The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph This article explores the complex relationship between environmental regulation, innovation, and sustainable development within the context of an increasingly globalizing economy. The economic development, environment, and employment aspects of sustainable development are emphasized. We contend that the most crucial problem in achieving sustainability is lock-in or path dependency due to (1) the failure to envision, design, and implement policies that achieve co-optimization, or the mutually reinforcing, of social goals, and (2) entrenched economic and political interests that gain from the present system and advancement of its current trends. The article argues that industrial policy, environmental law and policy, and trade initiatives must be ‗opened up‘ by expanding the practice of multi-purpose policy design, and that these policies must be integrated as well. Sustainable development requires stimulating revolutionary technological innovation through environmental, health, safety, economic, and labor market regulation. Greater support for these changes must also be reinforced by ‗opening up the participatory and political space‘ to enable new voices to contribute to integrated thinking and solutions. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131047 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131046 The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph This article explores the complex relationship between environmental regulation, innovation, and sustainable development within the context of an increasingly globalizing economy. The economic development, environment, and employment aspects of sustainable development are emphasized. We contend that the most crucial problem in achieving sustainability is lock-in or path dependency due to (1) the failure to envision, design, and implement policies that achieve co-optimization, or the mutually reinforcing, of social goals, and (2) entrenched economic and political interests that gain from the present system and advancement of its current trends. The article argues that industrial policy, environmental law and policy, and trade initiatives must be ‗opened up‘ by expanding the practice of multi-purpose policy design, and that these policies must be integrated as well. Sustainable development requires stimulating revolutionary technological innovation through environmental, health, safety, economic, and labor market regulation. Greater support for these changes must also be reinforced by ‗opening up the participatory and political space‘ to enable new voices to contribute to integrated thinking and solutions. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131046 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131045 Rethinking the role of information in chemicals policy: implications for TSCA and REACH Koch, Lars; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131045 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131044 Rethinking the Role of Information in Chemicals Policy: Implications for TSCA and REACH Koch, Lars; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131044 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131043 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Incorporating Science, Technology, Fairness, and Accountability in Environmental, Health, and Safety Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131043 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131042 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Incorporating Science, Technology, Fairness, and Accountability in Environmental, Health, and Safety Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131042 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131041 Scientific, ethical and legal challenges in work-related genetic testing in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Human monitoring in the workplace, sometimes referred to as medical screening, is a collation of practices that focuses on the workers as an indicator that: 1) disease may result on exposure to a toxic substance, radiation, or other traumas (medical surveillance); 2) a toxic substance has been absorbed into the body (biological monitoring); 3) a particular worker may be especially predisposed to disease (genetic screening or other probes of sensitivity); and 4) a pre-clinical disease state exists, indicating that potentially harmful exposure has occurred (genetic monitoring). These monitoring practices, especially when required or carried out by a government agency or the employer, raise serious and complex scientific, legal, and ethical concerns. This article focuses on the practice of “genetic testing” that involves mainly types 3 and 4, i.e., those involving both genetic screening for predisposition to disease, and genetic monitoring for indications of potential harm due to workplace exposure. However, the other two types of monitoring may also be relevant. The article also constructs a philosophic framework for: 1) examining the adequacy of law as an embodiment of ethical values, and sound science, concerning the genetic testing of workers; and 2) identifying possible solutions to the attendant legal and moral dilemmas. In the workplace, the analysis necessarily focuses on three sets of activities involving distinct participants: workers, employers, corporations, physicians – either in-house or under contract – and the government. The sets of activities deserving separate consideration are: 1) requiring the worker to submit to monitoring tests; 2) disseminating the results of the tests; and 3) using the test results. Because the different kinds of monitoring address different stages of the pathway from exposure to disease, and because what is monitored affects different groups of workers differently, specification of exemplar problems and a case-by-case analysis are essential, lest we face useless generalities at the end. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131041 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131040 Scientific, ethical and legal challenges in work-related genetic testing in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Human monitoring in the workplace, sometimes referred to as medical screening, is a collation of practices that focuses on the workers as an indicator that: 1) disease may result on exposure to a toxic substance, radiation, or other traumas (medical surveillance); 2) a toxic substance has been absorbed into the body (biological monitoring); 3) a particular worker may be especially predisposed to disease (genetic screening or other probes of sensitivity); and 4) a pre-clinical disease state exists, indicating that potentially harmful exposure has occurred (genetic monitoring). These monitoring practices, especially when required or carried out by a government agency or the employer, raise serious and complex scientific, legal, and ethical concerns. This article focuses on the practice of “genetic testing” that involves mainly types 3 and 4, i.e., those involving both genetic screening for predisposition to disease, and genetic monitoring for indications of potential harm due to workplace exposure. However, the other two types of monitoring may also be relevant. The article also constructs a philosophic framework for: 1) examining the adequacy of law as an embodiment of ethical values, and sound science, concerning the genetic testing of workers; and 2) identifying possible solutions to the attendant legal and moral dilemmas. In the workplace, the analysis necessarily focuses on three sets of activities involving distinct participants: workers, employers, corporations, physicians – either in-house or under contract – and the government. The sets of activities deserving separate consideration are: 1) requiring the worker to submit to monitoring tests; 2) disseminating the results of the tests; and 3) using the test results. Because the different kinds of monitoring address different stages of the pathway from exposure to disease, and because what is monitored affects different groups of workers differently, specification of exemplar problems and a case-by-case analysis are essential, lest we face useless generalities at the end. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131040 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131039 THE CRISIS IN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL CANCER POLICY Epstein, Samuel S.; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Blackwelder, Brent; Castleman, Barry; Cohen, Gary; Goldsmith, Edward; Mazzocchi, Anthony; Young, Quentin The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly nonsmoking- related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control—screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research— and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131039 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131038 The Crisis in U.S. and International Cancer Policy Epstein, Samuel S.; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Blackwelder, Brent; Castleman, Barry; Cohen, Gary; Goldsmith, Edward; Anthony, Mazzocchi; Young, Quentin The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly nonsmoking- related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control—screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research— and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131038 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131037 Law and Science Policy in Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ryan, William C.; Caldart, Charles C. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131037 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131036 Law and Science Policy in Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ryan, William C.; Caldart, Charles C. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131036 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131035 Inherently Safer Production, A Natural Complement to Cleaner Production Zwetsloot, Gerard; Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131035 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131034 Pathways to Sustainable Industrial Transformations: Cooptimizing Competitiveness, Employment, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hafkamp, Wim; Frits, Prakke; Vergragt, Philip Sat, 30 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131034 2001-06-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131033 Pathways to Sustainable Industrial Transformations: Cooptimizing Competitiveness, Employment, and Environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hafkamp, Wim; Frits, Prakke; Philip, Vergragt Sat, 30 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131033 2001-06-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131032 Implementing A Precautionary Approach In Decisions Affecting Health, Safety, And The Environment: Risk, Technology Alternatives, And Tradeoff Analysis Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131032 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131031 Implementing A Precautionary Approach In Decisions Affecting Health, Safety, And The Environment: Risk, Technology Alternatives, And Tradeoff Analysis Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131031 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131030 Government And Innovation in Europe And North America Ashford, Nicholas A. This article challenges certain tenets of the theories of reflexive law and ecological modernization. While far-sighted prevention-oriented and structural changes are needed, some proponents of these theories argue that the very industries and firms that create environmental problems can, through continuous institutional learning; the application of life cycle analysis; dialogue and networks with stakeholders; and implementation of "environmental management systems," be transformed into sustainable industries and firms. While useful, these reforms are insufficient. It is not marginal or incremental changes that are needed for sustainability, but rather major product, process, and system transformations – often beyond the capacity of the dominant industries and firms. This article also questions the alleged failure of regulation to stimulate needed technological changes, and identifies the conditions under which innovation for sustainability can occur. Finally, it discusses differences in needed policies for industrialized and developing countries. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131030 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131029 Government and Innovation in Europe and North America Ashford, Nicholas A. This article challenges certain tenets of the theories of reflexive law and ecological modernization. While far-sighted prevention-oriented and structural changes are needed, some proponents of these theories argue that the very industries and firms that create environmental problems can, through continuous institutional learning; the application of life cycle analysis; dialogue and networks with stakeholders; and implementation of "environmental management systems," be transformed into sustainable industries and firms. While useful, these reforms are insufficient. It is not marginal or incremental changes that are needed for sustainability, but rather major product, process, and system transformations – often beyond the capacity of the dominant industries and firms. This article also questions the alleged failure of regulation to stimulate needed technological changes, and identifies the conditions under which innovation for sustainability can occur. Finally, it discusses differences in needed policies for industrialized and developing countries. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131029 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130924 Negotiated environmental and occupational health and safety agreements in the United States: lessons for policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. The interest in so-called voluntary approaches to supplement or replace formal environmental, or occupational health and safety regulation has taken on new importance in both Europe and the United States. These approaches fall into two sharp divisions: (1) industry-initiated codes of good practice focusing on environmental management systems or performance goals, and (2) negotiated agreements between government and individual firms or industry sector trade associations focusing on regulation or compliance. This paper addresses the latter. In the United States, the motivations behind negotiated agreements are manifold and sometimes contradictory including desires (1) to facilitate the achievement of legislated or mandatory environmental goals by introducing flexibility and cost-effective compliance measures, (2) to negotiate levels of compliance (standards) fulfilling legislative mandates, (3) to negotiate legal definitions of Best Available Technology and other technology-based requirements, and (4) to weaken environmental initiatives. Efforts in furtherance of negotiated agreements have thus been greeted with mixed results by the various stakeholders. In the context of an anti-regulatory climate in the United States, the Administrative Procedures Act has been amended to allow “negotiated rulemaking” in achieving regulatory agency mandates. However, even before this legal innovation, regulatory agencies have been negotiating regulations. Independent of this legal avenue, negotiated compliance with industry associations is being fostered through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) “Commonsense Initiative” and with individual firms through “EPA's Project XL”, again with mixed reception. The proposed paper describes and analyses negotiated agreements in the United States in the context of (1) EPA efforts to ensure environmental protection and (2) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration efforts to ensure worker health and safety. These agreements can be described according to the following taxonomy: (a) Negotiated regulation (either preceding formal regulation or as a substitute for formal regulation); (b) Negotiated compliance (implementing regulation or informal agreements) (i) the means and timetable for coming into compliance with emission, effluent, or concentration requirements (ii) negotiation in the context of an enforcement action in which the firm is out of legal compliance (for example, encouraging cleaner production through the leveraging of penalty reductions). The criteria for evaluation include: environmental or health and safety outcomes, effects on stimulating technological change, time for development (time to completion)/implementation (likelihood of court challenge), stakeholder influence (ability of large firms to dominate outcome, environmentalists–industry, or labour–management balance of power),and administrative features. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130924 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130923 Negotiated environmental and occupational health and safety agreements in the United States: lessons for policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. The interest in so-called voluntary approaches to supplement or replace formal environmental, or occupational health and safety regulation has taken on new importance in both Europe and the United States. These approaches fall into two sharp divisions: (1) industry-initiated codes of good practice focusing on environmental management systems or performance goals, and (2) negotiated agreements between government and individual firms or industry sector trade associations focusing on regulation or compliance. This paper addresses the latter. In the United States, the motivations behind negotiated agreements are manifold and sometimes contradictory including desires (1) to facilitate the achievement of legislated or mandatory environmental goals by introducing flexibility and cost-effective compliance measures, (2) to negotiate levels of compliance (standards) fulfilling legislative mandates, (3) to negotiate legal definitions of Best Available Technology and other technology-based requirements, and (4) to weaken environmental initiatives. Efforts in furtherance of negotiated agreements have thus been greeted with mixed results by the various stakeholders. In the context of an anti-regulatory climate in the United States, the Administrative Procedures Act has been amended to allow “negotiated rulemaking” in achieving regulatory agency mandates. However, even before this legal innovation, regulatory agencies have been negotiating regulations. Independent of this legal avenue, negotiated compliance with industry associations is being fostered through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) “Commonsense Initiative” and with individual firms through “EPA's Project XL”, again with mixed reception. The proposed paper describes and analyses negotiated agreements in the United States in the context of (1) EPA efforts to ensure environmental protection and (2) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration efforts to ensure worker health and safety. These agreements can be described according to the following taxonomy: (a) Negotiated regulation (either preceding formal regulation or as a substitute for formal regulation); (b) Negotiated compliance (implementing regulation or informal agreements) (i) the means and timetable for coming into compliance with emission, effluent, or concentration requirements (ii) negotiation in the context of an enforcement action in which the firm is out of legal compliance (for example, encouraging cleaner production through the leveraging of penalty reductions). The criteria for evaluation include: environmental or health and safety outcomes, effects on stimulating technological change, time for development (time to completion)/implementation (likelihood of court challenge), stakeholder influence (ability of large firms to dominate outcome, environmentalists–industry, or labour–management balance of power),and administrative features. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130923 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130922 Porter Debate Stuck in 1970's Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130922 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130921 Porter Debate Stuck in 1970's Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130921 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130920 Compliance costs: the neglected issue of technological innovation Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130920 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130919 Encouraging Inherently Safer Production in European Firms: A Report from the Field Ashford, Nicholas A.; Zwetsloot, Gerard It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, i.e. from the identification of problems to the identification of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform (1) an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology is needed, and (2) a technology options analysis (TOA) and to identify specific inherently safer options will advance the adoption of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are less inherent safety risks. Experience gained from a methodology to encourage inherently safer production in industrial firms in the Netherlands and Greece is discussed. Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and the capability to change. Implications for the EU Seveso, IPPC, and EMAS Directives are also discussed. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130919 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130918 Encouraging Inherently Safer Production in European Firms: A Report from the Field Ashford, Nicholas A.; Zwetsloot, Gerard It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, i.e. from the identification of problems to the identification of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform (1) an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology is needed, and (2) a technology options analysis (TOA) and to identify specific inherently safer options will advance the adoption of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are less inherent safety risks. Experience gained from a methodology to encourage inherently safer production in industrial firms in the Netherlands and Greece is discussed. Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and the capability to change. Implications for the EU Seveso, IPPC, and EMAS Directives are also discussed. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130918 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130917 Low-level chemical sensitivity: implications for research and social policy Ashford, Nicholas A. There is increasing evidence that human exposure to levels of chemicals once thought to be safe--or presenting insignificant risk--are, in fact, harmful. So-called low-level exposures are now known to be associated with adverse biological effects including cancer, endocrine disruption, and chemical sensitivity. This requires that we change both (1) the way we design research linking chemicals and health, and (2) the solutions we devise to address chemically caused injury. The new and emerging science of low-level exposure to chemicals requires appropriate social policy responses which include regulation of toxic substances, notification of those exposed, and compensation and reasonable accommodation to those affected. Research and social policy need to be focused towards two distinct groups: (1) those individuals who could become chemically intolerant as a result of an initiating exposure, and (2) those individuals who have already become chemically intolerant and are now sensitive to chemicals at low levels. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130917 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130916 Social and Policy Implications of Low-Level Exposures to Chemicals Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130916 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130915 Social and Policy Implications of Low-Level Exposures to Chemicals Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130915 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130914 The Economic and Social Context of Special Populations Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130914 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130913 The Economic and Social Context of Special Populations Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130913 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130912 Negotiations as a means of developing and implementing environmental and occupational health and safety policy Caldart, Charles; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130912 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130911 Negotiations as a means of developing and implementing environmental and occupational health and safety policy Caldart, Charles; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130911 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130910 Low-Level Exposures to Chemicals Challenge Both Science and Regulatory Policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130910 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130892 Policies for the Promotion of Inherent Safety Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130892 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130891 Industrial safety: the neglected issue in industrial ecology Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130891 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130890 Low-level Chemical Sensitivity: Current Perspectives Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130890 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130889 Low-level chemical sensitivity: current perspectives Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130889 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130888 Monitoring the Worker and the Community for Chemical Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Biomonitoring of workers and communities raises important legal and ethical concerns, but the two contexts are different. Monitoring workers is usually done by, or at the instigation of, the employer who in law is responsible for their health and safety. Whenever worker monitoring leads to the removal of workers, difficult issues emerge affecting labor-management relations, labor law and discrimination law. Resulting legal and ethical questions are usually framed within the context of the employment contract or labor relationship. In contrast, public health or environmental officials may be the driving force behind biomonitoring of the community. No employer-employee relationship exists, and the doctor-patient relationship may be tenuous. The community may often initiate the request for biomonitoring, but the situation is no less contentious. On the basis of an historical view of monitoring events within the U.S. context, mechanisms are suggested that would promote positive interactions between employers and workers, and between individuals and groups in the monitoring of chemically contaminated communities. These suggestions should have relevance to experience in other countries. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130888 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130887 Monitoring the Worker and the Community for Chemical Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Biomonitoring of workers and communities raises important legal and ethical concerns, but the two contexts are different. Monitoring workers is usually done by, or at the instigation of, the employer who in law is responsible for their health and safety. Whenever worker monitoring leads to the removal of workers, difficult issues emerge affecting labor-management relations, labor law and discrimination law. Resulting legal and ethical questions are usually framed within the context of the employment contract or labor relationship. In contrast, public health or environmental officials may be the driving force behind biomonitoring of the community. No employer-employee relationship exists, and the doctor-patient relationship may be tenuous. The community may often initiate the request for biomonitoring, but the situation is no less contentious. On the basis of an historical view of monitoring events within the U.S. context, mechanisms are suggested that would promote positive interactions between employers and workers, and between individuals and groups in the monitoring of chemically contaminated communities. These suggestions should have relevance to experience in other countries. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130887 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130886 Chemical Sensitivity: Perspectives from North America and Europe Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Proceedings of the Conference on Healthy Buildings 1995: An International Conference on Healthy Buildings in Mild Climates. Milan, September 11-14. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130886 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130885 Exploiting Opportunities for Pollution Prevention in EPA Enforcement Agreements Becker, Monica; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130885 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130884 Exploiting Opportunities for Pollution Prevention in EPA Enforcement Agreements Becker, Monica; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130884 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130882 Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production Ashford, Nicholas A.; Clarke, Robin; Aloisi de Larderel, Jacqueline; Oldenburg, Kirsten; de Hoo, Sybren; Kryger, John Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130882 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130881 Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production Ashford, Nicholas A.; Clarke, Robin; Aloisi de Larderel, Jacqueline; Oldenburg, Kirsten; de Hoo, Sybren; Kryger, John Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130881 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130880 Monitoring the Worker and the Community Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130880 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130879 Monitoring the Worker and the Community Exposure and Disease: Legal and Ethical Considerations in the United States Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130879 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130878 Chemical Sensitivity: An Emerging Public Health and Environmental Problem Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Sat, 01 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130878 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130877 The Encouragement of Technological Change for Preventing Chemical Accidents: Moving Firms from Secondary Prevention and Mitigation to Primary Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A.; Gobbell, James; Lachman, Judith; Matthiesen, Mary; Minzner, Ann; Stone, Robert Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130877 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130876 The Encouragement of Technological Change for Preventing Chemical Accidents: Moving Firms from Secondary Prevention and Mitigation to Primary Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A.; Gobbell, James V.; Lachman, Judith; Matthiesen, Mary; Minzner, Ann; Stone, Robert Fri, 01 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130876 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130875 Science and Values in the Regulatory Process Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130875 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130874 Regulation and Technological Options: The Case of Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde Rest, Kathleen; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130874 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130873 Changes and Opportunities in the Environment for Technology Bargaining Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130873 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130872 Changes and Opportunities in the Environment for Technology Bargaining Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130872 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130871 Using Regulation to change the Market for Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine; Stone, Robert Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130871 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130870 Using Regulation to change the Market for Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A.; Ayers, Christine; Stone, Robert Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130870 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130652 A Hard Look at Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde: A Departure from Reasoned Decision-Making Ashford, Nicholas A.; William, Ryan; Caldart, Charles C. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130652 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130651 A Hard Look at Federal Regulation of Formaldehyde: A Departure from Reasoned Decision-Making Ashford, Nicholas A.; C. William, Ryan; Charles, Caldart Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130651 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130650 A Framework for Examining the Effects of Industrial Funding on Academic Freedom and the Integrity of the University Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130650 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130649 Alternatives to Cost-Benefit Analysis in Regulatory Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130649 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130648 Alternatives to Cost-Benefit Analysis in Regulatory Decisions Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130648 1981-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130647 Government Influence on the Process of Innovation in Europe and Japan Allen, Thomas; Utterback, James; Sirbu, Marvin; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hollomon, Herbert Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130647 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130646 Unsafe Working Conditions: Employee Rights Under LMRA and OSHA Ashford, Nicholas A.; Katz, Judith I. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130646 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130645 Unsafe Working Conditions: Employee Rights Under LMRA and OSHA Ashford, Nicholas A.; Katz, Judith I. Sat, 01 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130645 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130643 The Control of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace: A Prescription for Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130643 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130642 The Control of Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace: A Prescription for Prevention Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130642 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130641 Environmental Protection Laws Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130641 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130640 Reducing Physical Hazards: Encouraging Inherently Safer Production Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130640 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130639 Reflections on Environmental Liability Schemes in the United States and the European Union: Limitations and Prospects for Improvement Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130639 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130638 Reflections on Environmental Liability Schemes in the United States and the European Union: Limitations and Prospects for Improvement Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130638 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130637 The Legacy of the Precautionary Principle in U.S. Law: The Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment as Undermining Factors in Health, Safety, and Environmental Protections Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130637 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130636 The Legacy of the Precautionary Principle in U.S. Law: The Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment as Undermining Factors in Health, Safety, and Environmental Protections Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130636 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130635 Multiple Chemical Intolerance and Indoor Air Quality Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130635 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130634 Multiple Chemical Intolerance and Indoor Air Quality Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130634 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130633 De-[Constructing] Growth Ashford, Nicholas A. Sat, 05 Nov 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130633 2016-11-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130629 Universal basic income and inclusive capitalism: consequences for sustainability Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Ashford, Robert Over the past forty years, income growth for the middle and lower classes has stagnated, while the economy (and with it, economic inequality) has grown significantly. Early automation, the decline of labor unions, changes in corporate taxation, the financialization and globalization of the economy, deindustrialization in the U.S. and many OECD countries, and trade have contributed to these trends. However, the transformative roles of more recent automation and digital technologies/artificial intelligence (AI) are now considered by many as additional and potentially more potent forces undermining the ability of workers to maintain their foothold in the economy. These drivers of change are intensifying the extent to which advancing technology imbedded in increasingly productive real capital is driving productivity. To compound the problem, many solutions presented by industrialized nations to environmental problems rely on hyper-efficient technologies, which if fully implemented, could further advance the displacement of well-paid job opportunities for many. While there are numerous ways to address economic inequality, there is growing interest in using some form of universal basic income (UBI) to enhance income and provide economic stability. However, these approaches rarely consider the potential environmental impact from the likely increase in aggregate demand for goods and services or consider ways to focus this demand on more sustainable forms of consumption. Based on the premise that the problems of income distribution and environmental sustainability must be addressed in an integrated and holistic way, this paper considers how a range of approaches to financing a UBI system, and a complementary market solution based on an ownership-broadening approach to inclusive capitalism, might advance or undermine strategies to improve environmental sustainability. Mon, 19 Aug 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130629 2019-08-19T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130627 REDUCING PHYSICAL HAZARDS: ENCOURAGING INHERENTLY SAFER PRODUCTION Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130627 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130626 De-[Constructing] Growth: Decoupling Profits from Unsustainable Production Ashford, Nicholas A. De-[Constructing] Growth” is offered as a more nuanced conceptualization that avoids the negative connotations of, and resistance to, “degrowth” by decoupling profit from unsustainable consumption, production, and inequality. Thu, 12 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130626 2017-01-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130625 Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and Towards Sustainability Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph; Arango-Quiroga, Johan; Metaxas, Kyriakos; Showalter, Amy The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond to the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social systems that inhibited their ability to respond comprehensively to the pandemic. These same weaknesses have also undermined efforts to advance equality and sustainability. This paper explores over 30 interventions across the following nine categories of change that hold the potential to address inequality, provide all citizens with access to essential goods and services, and advance progress towards sustainability: (1) Income and wealth transfers to facilitate an equitable increase in purchasing power/disposable income; (2) broadening worker and citizen ownership of the means of production and supply of services, allowing corporate profit-taking to be more equitably distributed; (3) changes in the supply of essential goods and services for more citizens; (4) changes in the demand for more sustainable goods and services desired by people; (5) stabilizing and securing employment and the workforce; (6) reducing the disproportionate power of corporations and the very wealthy on the market and political system through the expansion and enforcement of antitrust law such that the dominance of a few firms in critical sectors no longer prevails; (7) government provision of essential goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, food, and mobility; (8) a reallocation of government spending between military operations and domestic social needs; and (9) suspending or restructuring debt from emerging and developing countries. Any interventions that focus on growing the economy must also be accompanied by those that offset the resulting compromises to health, safety, and the environment from increasing unsustainable consumption. This paper compares and identifies the interventions that should be considered as an important foundational first step in moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and towards sustainability. In this regard, it provides a comprehensive set of strategies that could advance progress towards a component of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 to reduce inequality within countries. However, the candidate interventions are also contrasted with all 17 SDGs to reveal potential problem areas/tradeoffs that may need careful attention. Fri, 03 Jul 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130625 2020-07-03T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130623 The Fight Against Misinformation Isn’t Just on Facebook Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 29 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130623 2021-03-29T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127666 Creating Ethical Engineers Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127666 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127659 Covid-19 Could Be an Opportunity to Combat Inequality Hall, Ralph; Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 04 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127659 2020-08-04T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121590 Professor Nicholas Ashford Interview at the ILO Conference on the Future of Work 8-10 July 2019 Geneva Nicholas, Ashford Wed, 10 Jul 2019 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121590 2019-07-10T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117079 Achieving Global Climate and Environmental Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, R.P. Strategic niche management and transition management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues many industrialized and industrializing nations are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. On the other hand, approaches that focus on creating new entrants could nurture niche development or deployment of disruptive technologies, but those technologies may only be marginally better than the technologies they replace. Either approach may take a long time to achieve their goals. Sustainable development requires both radical disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, the integration of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to new systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Mon, 08 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117079 2018-01-08T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116848 Compliance Costs: The Neglected Issue of Technological Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116848 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116847 Worker Compensation for Radiation-Induced Illness: A Re-examination of Past Practices and Options for Change, A Report to the Department of Energy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, C.; Hattis, D.; Stone, R. Mon, 01 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116847 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116846 Evaluation of the Relevance for Worker Health and Safety of Existing Environmental Technology Data-bases for Cleaner and Inherently Safer Technologies: A Report to the European Commission Ashford, Nicholas A.; Banoutsos, I.; Christiansen, K.; Hummelmose, B.; Stratikopoulos, D. Mon, 01 Apr 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116846 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116845 The Role of Insurance and Financial Responsibility Requirements in Preventing and Compensating Damage from Environmental Risks Ashford, Nicholas A.; Moran, S.; Stone, R. Sun, 01 Jan 1989 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116845 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116844 Policy Considerations for Anticipating and Preventing Accidents Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116844 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116843 The Art Of The Possible: The Feasibility of Recycling Standards for Packaging Stone, R.F.; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Lomax, G. Fri, 01 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116843 1991-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116842 Designing the Sustainable Enterprise: Research Needs and Policy Implications for a Sustainable Future Ashford, Nicholas A.; Meima, R. Mon, 01 Nov 1993 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116842 1993-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116809 Chemical Sensitivity: Perspectives from North America and Europe Miller, C.S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Chemical sensitivity is a controversial and perplexing illness that has been attributed to low-level chemical exposure in industrial workplaces, indoor environments, and contaminated communities, and to the use of consumer products and pharmaceuticals, first in North America and now in Europe. This paper explores the different types of sensitivity and the relationship of low-level chemical sensitivity to them. A synopsis of the largest North American study of the condition conducted to date is provided and its findings are contrasted with observations fro recent nine-county European study of chemical sensitivity. Between-country variations in construction and ventilation practices, choices of furnishings and floor coverings, chemical use (pesticides, fragrances, cleaners), cultural practices (e.g. time spent out-of-doors, window-opening practices), physician awareness/acceptance of the illness, health care systems, compensation practices, and environmental activism may influence the [reported] prevalence and/or recognition of chemical sensitivity. Fri, 01 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116809 1995-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116800 Public Participation in Contaminated Communities Ashford, Nicholas A.; Rest, K.M. The present study examines seven current, ongoing cases of public participation across a broader spectrum of communities. In contrast to earlier notorious historical failures, such as those at Love Canal, Woburn, and Times Beach, the cases in this study explore experiences considered relatively successful by both the agencies and the communities. The study sought to better understand the determinants of successful public involvement in contaminated communities where: (1) site characterization, cleanup options, and economic redevelopment were issues of concern and conflict; (2) more than one federal agency was involved; (3) state and local agencies were also involved; and (4) environmental justice was often an issue. The purposes of the study were to: (1) identify those factors most important to, and essential for, successful community involvement, (2) evaluate or suggest initiatives to further enhance successful public participation, and (3) identify options for more successful interaction and coordination of federal, state, and local agencies in their efforts to promote environmental and public health goals in contaminated communities.The study focused on initiatives which: enhance communication, outreach, and learning in the community; build skills and capability in the community; and provide for increased community participation in, and access to, government decisions. Special attention was paid to public participation problems in economically disadvantaged and minority communities with disproportionate environmental burdens (i.e., environmental justice communities), and to mechanisms for improving interagency coordination at all levels of government. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116800 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116799 Regulation of Technical Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A.; Heaton, G.R. Sat, 01 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116799 1979-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116798 The Role of Changes in Statutory/Tort Law and Liability in Preventing and Compensating Damages from Future Releases of Hazardous Waste Ashford, Nicholas A.; Moran, Sharon; Stone, Robert F. with contributions from Gordon Bloom and Daniel Nyhart, a Report to the Special Legislative Commission on Liability for Releases of Oil and Hazardous Material Thu, 01 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116798 1987-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116794 Airborne Lead: A Clearcut Case of Differential Protection Hattis, Dale R.; Goble, Robert; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1982 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116794 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116792 Chemical Sensitivity: An Emerging Public Health and Environmental Problem Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Thu, 01 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116792 1994-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116790 The Design of Programs to Encourage Hazardous Waste Reduction: An Incentives Analysis Ashford, Nicholas A.; Cazakos, A.; Stone, R. F.; Wessel, K. Fri, 21 Oct 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116790 1988-10-21T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116781 Package Deal: The Economic Impacts of Recycling Standards for Packaging in Massachusetts Stone, Robert F.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Mar 1991 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116781 1991-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116780 Recycling the Plastic Package Ashford, Nicholas A.; Stone, Robert F.; Sagar, Ambuj D. Examines the problems and progress in the field of plastics recycling. Statistics on plastic packaging disposal; Advances in plastic recycling; The initial start; The next stage, packaging production; Aid from manufacturers; The wide variety of resins; Design modifications; A recycling innovation that works; Separating different plastics; Resin recovery systems; Chemical processes; Government policies needed. INSET: Red herrings. Wed, 01 Jul 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116780 1992-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116779 Encouraging the Use of Pollution Prevention in Enforcement Settlements Becker, Monica M.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 May 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116779 1995-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116778 Identification of Pollution Prevention (P2) Technologies for Possible Inclusion in Enforcement Agreements Using Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) and Injunctive Relief Final Report Ashford, Nicholas A.; Stratikopoulos, Dimitrios M. Sat, 01 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116778 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116777 Workers' Compensation Rom (ed.), W. N.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116777 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116776 Regulation and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry Ashford, Nicholas A.; Butler, S. E.; Zolt, E. M. Article based on a paper prepared for the HEW Review Panel on New Drug Regulation Fri, 01 Jul 1977 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116776 1977-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116775 Some Consideration in Choosing an Occupational Noise Exposure Regulation Hattis, Dale; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Heaton, George, R.; Katz, Judith I. Sun, 01 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116775 1976-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116691 REGULATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS: The Case of Occupational Exposure To Formaldehyde Rest, K.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116691 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116690 The Use of Technical Information in Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation: A Brief Guide to the Issues Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116690 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116689 A Framework for Examining the Effects of Industrial Funding on Academic Freedom and the Integrity of the University Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Apr 1984 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116689 1984-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116688 Occupational Safety and Health: A Report on Worker Perceptions Frenkel, R.; Curtis Priest, W.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 01 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116688 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115917 New Scientific Evidence and Public Health Imperatives Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115917 1987-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115914 Worker health and safety: an area of conflicts Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115914 1975-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115912 Industrial safety: the neglected issue in industrial ecology Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115912 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115905 Government Influence on the Process of Innovation in Europe and Japan Allen, Thomas J.; Utterback, James M.; Sirbu, Marvin A.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1978 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115905 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115901 Science and Values in the Regulatory Process Ashford, Nicholas A. This article provides a framework for consideration of values in the use of science in the regulatory process. The science in question includes both the assessment of technologic risk and the assessment of technologic options to reduce those risks. The focus of the inquiry is on the role of the scientist and engineer as analyst or assessor. The difficulties in separating facts and values will be addressed by focusing on the central question: what level of evidence is sufficient to trigger a requirement for regulatory action? For the purposes of this article, the regulatory process includes notification of risks to interested parties, control of technologic hazards and compen- sation for harm caused by technology. The discussion will address the problems in achieving both a fair outcome and a fair process in the regulatory use of science. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115901 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115900 Policies for the Promotion of Inherent Safety Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115900 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115899 Chemical Sensitivity: Perspectives from North America and Europe Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115899 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115898 The Transformation of the Industrial State During a Perfect Storm Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 25 May 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115898 2016-05-25T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115871 Assessing and rationalizing the management of a portfolio of clean technologies: experience from a French environmental fund and a World Bank Cleaner Production demonstration project in China. Peltier, Nicolas P.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115871 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115867 Low-level chemical sensitivity: implications for research and social policy Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115867 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115865 Inherently Safer Production, a natural complement to cleaner production Zwetsloot, Gerard I.J.M.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Sun, 01 Dec 2002 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115865 2002-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115859 Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph, P. Sun, 01 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115859 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115855 Nicholas Ashford on Regulation and Innovation Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 24 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115855 2018-05-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115851 The new TSCA: challenges remain Ashford, Nicholas A. Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115851 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115850 Dealing with Uncertainty Class Discussion on Cost Benefit Analysis and the Precautionary Principle Ashford, Nicholas A.; Susskind, Lawrence Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115850 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115849 Nicholas Ashford MIT Interview Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115849 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115848 Trump Rejects Science, Technology, Economics, and the Constitution With His Two-for-One Executive Order Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Feb 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115848 2017-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115847 Don’t Be Surprised by the Explosion Near Houston. We’ve Cut Corners on Chemical Safety for Years. Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 05 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115847 2017-09-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115846 Arkema was not a Natural Disaster. It was a Preventable Accident Waiting to Happen Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 06 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115846 2017-09-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115842 co-optimisation through increased willingness, opportunity and capacity: a generalisable concept of appropriate technology transfer Kua, Harn Wei We proposed a methodological framework within which technology transfer could be evaluated, designed and implemented. With two case studies, we showed how, when any of the factors of ''willingness'', ''opportunity'' and ''capacity'' on the parts of the transferor and transferee were overlooked or misjudged, success would be compromised. Finally, a scheme that focused on concurrently increasing these three factors was proposed as a checklist for selecting appropriate technology for transfer. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115842 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115578 An overview of the special issue on Industrial Ecology Ashford, Nicholas A.; Côté, Raymond P. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115578 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115577 Low-Level Chemical Exposures: A Challenge for Science and Policy Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Sun, 01 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115577 1998-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115576 Technology -Focused Regulatory Approaches for Encouraging Sustainable Industrial Transformations: Beyond green, beyond the dinosaurs, and beyond evolutionary theory. Ashford, Nicholas A. Tue, 22 May 2018 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115576 2018-05-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115575 The Role of a General Safety Requirement in Canada's Health Protection Regime Benidickson, Jamie; Fairbairn, Lyle; Franklin, Claire; Ashford, Nicholas A.; Nielsen, Elizabeth; Krewski, Daniel Tue, 31 Oct 2006 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115575 2006-10-31T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115573 Possible Mechanisms for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: The Limbic System and Others Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115573 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115572 Allergy and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Distinguished Miller, Claudia S.; Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115572 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115571 Case Definitions for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Ashford, Nicholas A.; Miller, Claudia S. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115571 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115570 The Effects of Health and Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chemical Industry: Theory and Evidence Ashford, Nicholas A.; Heaton, George, R. This paper presents the final results of a research effort which investigated the effects of environmental/safety regulation on technological change in the U.S. chemical industry. (1) The term environmental/safety regulation is used to include the legislation, regulations, and other related actions which attempt to control environmental pollution, protect worker health and safety, or ensure the safety of consumer products. Technological changes arising from regulation encompass both the immediate modifications in manufactured products or industrial processes which may be necessary in order to comply with regulation and the more indirect, or ancillary, effects regulation can have on technological change for non-regulatory, "main business" purposes. The major emphasis in this work is on technological change for compliance purposes. We distinguish technological change from innovation. Innovation means new product or process technology actually brought by a firm into first commercial use. The term technological change has a broader scope and includes "non-innovative" changes. Mon, 01 Jan 1979 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115570 1979-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115567 The Influence of Information-Based Initiatives and Negotiated Environmental Agreements on Technological Change Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115567 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115566 The Clean Air Act Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles Sun, 01 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115566 2012-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115236 De-[Constructing] Growth: Decoupling Profits from Unsustainable Production Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 12 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115236 2017-01-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115235 Commentary on "The Degrowth Initiative" Ashford, Nicholas A. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115235 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115233 The Many-Faceted Nature of the Precautionary Principle: Science, Technology, Social Justice, and Accountability. Ashford, Nicholas A. Wed, 24 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115233 2015-06-24T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115147 The Flaws in the Emerging Toxics Reform Legislation and How They Can Be Fixed Ashford, Nicholas A. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115147 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115069 The "Right to Know": Toxics Information Transfer in the Workplace Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. Tue, 01 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115069 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115067 Environmental Protection Laws Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115067 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115064 Cancer Risk: Role of environment Ashford, Nicholas A.; Bauman, Patricia; Brown, Halina, S.; Clapp, Richard, W.; Finkel, Adam, M.; Gee, David; Hattis, Dale, B.; Martuzzi, Marco; Sasco, Annie, J.; Sass, Jennifer, B. Fri, 13 Feb 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115064 2015-02-13T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115057 Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Global Climate Goals: Disrupting Innovation Driven by Governmental Regulatory Targeting, Not Slow Guided Incremental Innovation Involving Incumbents is What is Needed to Transform the Industrial State Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph, P. Strategic Niche Management and Transition Management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues we are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. Sustainable development requires both disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, integration beyond coordination of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to integrated systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115057 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115053 Making Serious Inroads into Achieving Sustainable Development: Is Strategic Niche Management/Transition Management Sufficient to Transform the Industrial State? Ashford, Nicholas A.; Hall, Ralph, P. Strategic Niche Management and Transition Management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and coevolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these process are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long for many of the environmental and social issues we are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. Sustainable development requires both disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, integration beyond coordination of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to integrated systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115053 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115049 Aligning Policies for Low-Carbon Systemic Innovation in Europe Ashford, Nicholas A.; Renda, Andrea This report considers potential policy options to promote ‘systemic innovation’ that foster decarbonisation, with a specific focus on the EU. By using the term ‘systemic’, we point to a variety of domains in which innovation can occur – not only technological, but also organisational innovation, (brought about by disruptive new business models); institutional (by revising both legal and economic incentives); and societal (requiring a change in consumption and behaviour), and emphasise how entire systems (e.g., energy, mobility, shelter) can be transformed through socio-economic change. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115049 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115009 Environmental Protection Laws Ashford, Nicholas A.; Caldart, Charles C. The manufacturing, processing, and use of chemicals, materials, tools, machinery, and equipment in industrial, construction, mining, and agricultural workplaces cause environmental, health, and safety hazards and risks. Occupational and environmental factors cause or exacerbate major diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, and nervous systems and cause system poisoning and some cancers and birth defects. Occupational and environmental disease and injury place heavy economic and social burdens on workers, employers, community residents, and taxpayers. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115009 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114998 De-[Constructing] Growth Ashford, Nicholas A. “De-[Constructing] Growth” is offered as a more nuanced conceptualization that avoids the negative connotations of, and resistance to, “degrowth” by decoupling profit from unsustainable consumption, production, and inequality. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114998 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z